Errors and Prompted Testing as a Basis for Reading/Language Comprehension Instruction


	Case 1 Errors and Prompted Answers as a basis for Language/Reading Comprehension Instruction
	Diagnosis: Language-based Learning Disability Self Expression vs Confused Imitation
	Confused attempts at Meaningless Repetition of Material
		Original Text (Gray Oral Reading Test - IV)
		The era of the cowboy came to an end as a result of changes in the cattle business. When cows roamed the vast ranges of the Southwest, the herd could not be rounded up without skilled riders on horseback. But with the invention of barbed wire, great stretches of ranchland were fenced into smaller ranches. Then the roundup was no longer a major event and cowboys became less important. The long trail drives to the north, in which the cowboyšs skill at herding cattle was essential, also became a thing of the past. With the coming of the railroad, cattle could be shipped directly to market.
		Unprompted Summary
		An invention of something, to make something else a lot more easier. Because of that invention men on horse backs (sic) werenšt needed.
		Prompted Self Expression
		MCJ: What do we call men on horse back? MCJ: What got easier? MCJ: What do cowboys do generally? MCJ: Why do cowboys herd cows? MCJ: Whatšs the purpose of doing that job? MCJ: What is the invention helping to do? MCJ: What would you do to keep them together?		Student: cowboys Student: I don't remember Student: They herd cows. Stduent: That's their job. Student: It keeps the cows together. Student: keep the cows together. Student: Put a fence around it.
		Second Summary
		Cowboys, they were really important because they were skilled horseback riders. They helped keep the cattle together. Then barbed wire kept the cattle in and cowboys were not needed. Cattle were shipped to market by train. Since the invention of the railroad, cattle could be shipped to market by railroad.
		Error Based Individualized Instruction
		Use Dialogue to Support Independent, Self Expression as in the prompted dialogue above Avoid memorization strategies that bypass independent analysis including study guides, teacher notes, typical test-taking and study skills "strategies" Take notes or write essays/papers without direct reference to source materials (i.e., prevent verbatim repetition) Consult with language clinician to find optimal way to conduct dialogue Use Dialogue to interpret meaning of text level vocabulary Understand the difference between learning and memorizing